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As World War One commenced, close to 1.5 million soldiers from undivided India took part in it and around 74,000 soldiers lost their lives. This was the largest group from the British Commonwealth and the contribution of the Indian forces would be recognised through the 13,000 gallantry awards, including the first Victoria Cross in 1914. In all, the Indian forces got 11 Victoria Crosses and the troops saw action in the European, Mediterranean, Mesopotamian, North African and East African theatres of war. What stands out is that a diverse group from different faith and parts of India fought shoulder to shoulder with their British counterpart and the Allied forces. Apart from soldiers, India also provided animals, mostly horses and money and supplies were also raised here for the war.
The Indian soldiers experienced some of the worst trench fighting and stopped the German advance in 1914 at Ypres, Belgium and in Neuve Chappelle in France where over 4000 died. The British Indian army troops would face action in Gallipoli where 1,000 of them died and they fought the Ottoman Empire in Mesopotamia. In 1927, the Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial was unveiled remembering the Indian contribution to WWI. The British Government in India in 1931 commemorated the war by constructing the arch known as India Gate which was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Many Indians are unaware that India Gate commemorates the soldiers who fell in World War I. Since 1971, the Amar Jawan Jyoti, or the Flame of the Immortal Soldier and Tomb of the Unknown Soldier which is also located at India Gate, also serves as the War Memorial where prior to the Republic Day Parade, the President, the Prime Minister and three Defence Chiefs pay homage to the fallen soldier.
While there have been war memorials built by the British to commemorate the Indian contribution to WWI, India has been lax in remembering its own people. Even during the independence movement and subsequently as well, India did not account for the sacrifices made by Indian soldiers in the British cause as they were seen as helping the imperial power. The contribution of Indian soldiers had been lost and it is being refreshed, recounted and remembered on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the end of World war One.
The First World War came to an end with the signing of the Armistice on the 11th day of the 11th month (November) at the 11th hour of 1918. Since then, 11th November has been observed as Armistice or Remembrance Day in the US and Europe and the red poppy flower has been used since 1921 to commemorate the contribution of the military personnel who have died in war and recognise that peace was achieved due to a large sacrifice. Britain recognised the Indian contribution on this special 100th anniversary with Prime Minister Theresa May wearing a Khadi poppy. On this occasion, Lions of the Great War monument was unveiled in Smethwick, West Midlands and the 10-foot high bronze figure of a Sikh soldier is the UK's first statue of a World War soldier from South Asia.
India also reached out to recognise the contribution of thousands of Indian soldiers who fought valiantly and sacrificed their lives during the World War I. Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu on Saturday, 10 November inaugurated the first India-built war memorial in northern France - Villers Guislain . In a tweet he said. “It’s a great tribute to several thousands of Indian soldiers whose gallantry and dedication have earned worldwide recognition.”
At the Kohima War Cemetery in Nagaland, it reads, \\\"When you go home, tell them of us and say/ For your tomorrow, we gave our today\\\". Those are powerful words and a country should never forget the valour and courage of its own brave soldiers irrespective of where and when they fought and laid down their lives.
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Compilation: Ms. Ngurang Reena, Research Scholar, CES.SIS, JNU
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\",\"settings\":{\"styles\":{\"text\":\"center\",\"align\":\"flex-start\",\"justify\":\"flex-start\",\"position\":\"2/4/3/14\",\"m-element-margin\":\"0 0 16px 0\"}}},\"uiiDPP9T5KPoKaUD1D64n\":{\"type\":\"GridImage\",\"settings\":{\"alt\":\"\",\"href\":\"\",\"image\":\"https://assets.zyrosite.com/AQE1GKQyNwi53M5Z/table-Yg2bV3PaVZiOqW7W.JPG\",\"styles\":{\"align\":\"center\",\"justify\":\"center\",\"position\":\"1/1/7/9\",\"m-element-margin\":\"0 0 16px 0\"},\"clickAction\":\"lightbox\"}},\"vIHzrb-lcjwPFYmO7wEKP\":{\"type\":\"GridTextBox\",\"content\":\"The NATO summit which took place in Brussels on 11-12 July 2018 among the 29 members represented by the head of state or government and is a major event within the Alliance that is often used to launch new policies and or provide new direction to the organisation. In a changing geopolitical landscape today, the bulwark of security for the West European countries during the Cold War, NATO today faces new security challenges in the post 9/11 world. At the core is Article 5 that defines the collective defence alliance, which implies that attack on one member would be seen as an attack on all members. NATO expanded at the end of Cold War to offer membership to Central and Eastern European countries, which had previously been its enemies. The enlargement also brought the borders of NATO to the borders of Russia, which under President Putin has been a source of constant irritation to both sides.
NATO is a multilateral effort of defending the member states and functions through the pooling of material and financial resources. Burden sharing is at the heart of bearing the cost of collective defence. However, with the coming of President Trump into office in January 2017, NATO has been on the European radar for all the wrong reasons.
The Summit on Thursday 12 July 2018 almost spiralled out of control on Trumps insistence that the allies meet the 2 percent military spending target set for 2024 immediately or else he would do his own thing. In the run up to the 2016 US Presidential elections, Trump had similarly threatened to abandon the European allies. In an unprecedented move on Thursday, the NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg convened an emergency meeting of the leaders to address the crisis. This followed Trumps sharp criticism of Germany on Wednesday as being “captive to Russia”, for engaging and doing business with it on a gas project.
The NATO Summit has actually left the allies shaken and unofficially questioning the US commitment to Europe in the face of a growing Russian presence on the eastern flank of the European Union. It has also cast a shadow on the next meeting that Trump would have on Monday with Putin in Helsinki. It is not the first time that the NATO faces internal challenges and the issue of burden sharing is as old as the Alliance itself. What is new is the anchor country of NATO – the United States - is deliberately creating a rift in the transatlantic partnership.
It is not only about the budgets and military expenditure, but standoff in Brussels have drawn attention to fundamental issues about commitments and what the values of the alliance are in a new geopolitical context with an American President challenging some of those assumptions and an assertive Russia that looks further East after the annexation of Crimea in 2014.Who will defend Europe and should it develop its own capabilities and capacities? Can the Transatlantic relation weather this storm?
That there is a need for consensus building between the US and its NATO partners is obvious given the leadership change in the US. But the last two days which witnessed unprecedented turmoil over the statements of Trump castigating allies, only highlighted how big the gap is on both sides and the growing trust deficit that will not be rebuilt overnight. The Summit declaration reaffirmed existing NATO obligations but addressed the growing Russian presence through a NATO Readiness Initiative or the four 30’s plan that can put together 30 land battalions, 30 aircraft squadrons and 30 warships within 30 days. Although Trump said he got the allies to spend more, but nothing new appeared in writing rather it left the European allies with two grim questions - is the key element of American foreign policy for 70 years- the US commitment to NATO and to defend Europe still intact?
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India and Croatia have long standing cultural connections. Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore visited Croatia in 1926 and in addition, the church of Saint Blaise in Goa is a replica of the original in Dubrovnik, Croatia that got destroyed in the earthquake of 1667. It was the spice trade that brought the Dubrovniks to Goa. The Indology Department at the University of Zagreb has a long history of over six decades, and an ICCR Hindi Chair was set up a decade ago.
India recognised the newly independent Croatia in 1992 and diplomatic relations were soon established thereafter. During his visit, President Kovind delivered an address at the University of Zagreb on the topic “India – Croatia Relations- The Way Forward’. He stated that India’s second President and “my illustrious predecessor Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan had visited this university in October 1965”. President Kovind launched a Sanskrit Chair and renewed the Hindi Chair and commended the University for bringing the two countries together by studying the languages, history and culture.
Although the Indian diaspora is very small, at the Indian Community Reception in Zagreb on 26 March 2019, the President commended the Indians living there and said, “You are also the prism through which the Croatian people see India, and your success here has contributed to building a positive image of India in this country”. Further, he invited them to benefit from India’s growth and invest in the country. The President recalled in his banquet speech hosted in his honour, Croatia’s performance in the FIFA world cup last year – as the runner up in the final had come to create a lasting impact on many Indians.
As the MEA says, “India's trade with Croatia is modest.” And so the visit sought to infuse more in this area. Some of the critical areas for expanding the bilateral trade relations include textiles, leather, pharmaceuticals, coffee, tea, industrial and electrical machinery. Addressing the India-Croatia Business Forum, Shri Kovind said that there is “immense potential to expand trade and investment profile and establish innovation, research and start-up partnerships”. He invited participation in the “Make in India, Clean India, Start-up India and Digital India”. Simultaneously he also said that “We are also keen to learn from Croatia in the tourism and urban infrastructure sectors. In addition, the location of Croatia also offers an excellent opportunity for India to develop more relations in Southeast Europe.
The President reiterated that India stands for values of democracy, pluralism and peace and that it endorses at the global level- multi-polar world uplifting multilateralism, strengthening global governance and ensuring adherence to international laws and regulations. Addressing the University of Zagreb students, President Kovind highlighted Gandhi’s ideas that “knowledge and education were about understanding the oneness of humanity and about harnessing the power of truth”. As the country celebrates the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation on 2nd October, his bust would be unveiled in Zagreb as a gift to the people of Croatia.
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